History & Origin
With a history tracing back over 2,800 years, the Maltese is an ancient breed from the island of Malta. These elegant toy dogs were prized companions to royalty and nobility across the ancient world, favored for their beauty and charming demeanor. They were not workers but pure companions, a role they have perfected over millennia. The American Kennel Club (AKC) officially recognized the Maltese in 1888, and they have remained a popular and beloved member of the Toy Group ever since, cherished for their affectionate nature and show-stopping appearance.
Temperament & Personality
The Maltese is gentle, playful, and deeply affectionate. They bond intensely with their people and are happiest when involved in all family activities. As a classic companion breed, they thrive on attention and will happily spend their days on a warm lap. While intelligent and trainable, they can have a stubborn streak. They are also vigilant watchdogs, quick to bark at strangers or unfamiliar sounds, a trait that requires early and consistent training to manage.
Health Watchouts
Top conditions reported by AKC parent clubs, OFA, and the Merck Veterinary Manual. Discuss screening with your vet — especially before breeding or insuring.
Periodontal Disease
Extremely CommonDue to their small jaw and crowded teeth, Maltese are highly susceptible to dental disease. Plaque and tartar buildup can lead to gingivitis, tooth decay, and systemic health issues if bacteria enter the bloodstream.
Screening: Annual veterinary dental examinations and professional cleanings under anesthesia are critical. Daily tooth brushing at home is the best preventative measure.
Patellar Luxation
OFA reports 4.1% affectedA common orthopedic issue in toy breeds where the kneecap (patella) dislocates from its normal position. It can cause a skipping gait, lameness, and may lead to arthritis.
Screening: A veterinarian can diagnose this with a physical orthopedic exam. Reputable breeders should provide an OFA certification for patellas.
Mitral Valve Disease (MVD)
Common in senior small-breed dogsA degenerative heart condition where the mitral valve weakens and leaks over time, leading to a heart murmur and eventually congestive heart failure. It is the most common acquired cardiac disease in dogs.
Screening: Regular veterinary check-ups to auscultate the heart for murmurs. An echocardiogram is required for definitive diagnosis and staging.
Portosystemic Shunt (Liver Shunt)
Uncommon but seriousA congenital blood vessel anomaly where blood from the digestive tract bypasses the liver, preventing detoxification. Signs can include poor growth, disorientation, and seizures, especially after eating.
Screening: Blood tests, specifically a bile acid test, can screen for the condition. Ultrasound can confirm the presence of a shunt.
White Shaker Dog Syndrome (Idiopathic Cerebellitis)
UncommonA neurological disorder causing full-body tremors, most commonly seen in small, white-coated breeds like the Maltese. The exact cause is unknown but is thought to be autoimmune. It is not painful but can be debilitating.
Screening: Diagnosis is made by a veterinarian or veterinary neurologist by ruling out other causes of tremors. It typically responds well to steroid treatment.
Exercise Needs
Maltese have modest exercise needs and are well-suited to apartment living. A short daily walk and some indoor playtime are generally sufficient to keep them happy and healthy. While they have bursts of energy, they do not require extensive or strenuous activity.
- Short leashed walks
- Indoor games of fetch
- Supervised play in a secure garden
- Puzzle toys
Nutrition
Daily calories: 150-300 kcal/day
Feed a high-quality commercial food formulated for toy breeds. To prevent hypoglycemia in puppies, two to three small, measured meals per day are recommended. As adults, scheduled meals are crucial to prevent obesity. Ensure fresh water is always available.
Common allergens to watch: Chicken, Beef, Dairy.
⚠ Obesity is a major health risk for Maltese. An extra pound on their tiny frame places significant stress on joints, potentially worsening patellar luxation, and strains the cardiovascular system. Maintain a lean body condition by strictly measuring food and limiting treats.
Entertainment & Enrichment
More than anything, Maltese need companionship. Their primary enrichment is being with their person. To prevent boredom and separation anxiety, supplement cuddle time with interactive toys and gentle training, which also strengthens your bond.
- Food puzzle toys
- Short, positive training sessions for new tricks
- Scent work games
- Lap time and gentle petting
Grooming & Coat Care
Grooming is a significant commitment. Their long, white hair requires daily brushing to prevent painful mats and tangles. Many owners opt for a shorter "puppy cut" every 4-6 weeks from a professional groomer. Daily cleaning of the eyes is needed to manage tear stains. Regular nail trims and daily tooth brushing are essential.
Training
Maltese are intelligent and eager to please, but can be difficult to housetrain. Consistency and patience are key. Use positive reinforcement techniques. Early and thorough socialization is vital to ensure they grow into well-adjusted adults and to curb their natural tendency to be yappy or wary of strangers.
Cost of Ownership
Lifetime cost depends on size, lifespan, and health risks. Try our Lifetime Cost Calculator →
Cost band for Maltese: high.
Living Situation Fit
The Maltese is an ideal indoor companion, perfectly suited for apartments or homes without a large yard. They are not suited to outdoor living and can be injured by larger dogs or rough children. They thrive in homes where they have constant companionship, making them an excellent choice for retirees or those who work from home.
Choosing a Puppy
Choose a breeder who performs health screenings for genetic conditions like patellar luxation, cardiac issues, and liver shunts, with certifications from the OFA. A responsible breeder will raise puppies in a home environment and prioritize their health and socialization. Avoid breeders marketing "teacup" Maltese, as these undersized dogs often face more significant health problems.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are Maltese good for first-time owners?
Yes, provided the owner is fully prepared for the significant daily grooming requirements and the need for constant companionship. Their training is straightforward, but housebreaking can be a challenge, and their grooming is not for the neglectful.
Do Maltese bark a lot?
They can be prone to alert barking due to their watchdog nature. They will often bark at new sights and sounds. Early socialization and consistent training can help teach them when it is and isn't appropriate to bark.
What are the brown stains under a Maltese's eyes?
These are called tear stains and are very common in the breed. They are caused by a pigment called porphyrin, which is excreted in tears and saliva and turns a reddish-brown when exposed to air. Keeping the hair around the eyes trimmed short and cleaning the area daily can help manage them.
Can a Maltese be left alone all day?
No. Maltese are companion dogs that bond very closely with their owners. They are prone to developing severe separation anxiety if left alone for long hours, which can result in destructive behavior and excessive barking. They are best suited for households where someone is almost always home.
